Red Wing's plain-toe 6-inch work boot in Copper Rough & Tough leather: Goodyear welt, No. 8 last, Vibram 430 sole, made in Minnesota. €409 at the German Red Wing stores.

Groundies' minimalist leather barefoot sneaker. 5mm zero-drop sole, nappa upper, 149.90 EUR, made in Portugal.

Shortlist of four makers building shoes and boots by hand and meant to be resoled, not replaced.